Transformation of sentences

 

                 

 Transformation of sentences:-

 

There are three types of Transformation of sentences. Those are –

• Simple Sentences
• Complex Sentences and
• Compound Sentences

               To know the transformation of sentences, we will have to discuss about clauses.....

What is Clause?

 The clause is where there will be a subject and a predicate as a group of words, but that will not be considered as a full sentence. The clause can be of two types. Those are –

1. Independent Clause:-

A Clause that –

•    contains both a subject and a predicate.
•     can stand alone as a sentence or
•    can be a part of a multi-clause sentence.
•    uses conjunctions such as – or, for, nor, so, yet, and, but.

Example: We visited the Red Fort, but we did not go to the TajMahal.

2. Dependent Clause:-

A Clause that  is –

•    that have a subject and a predicate
•    cannot stand alone as a sentence
•    always be a part of a sentence, on which it depends for meaning.

A dependent clause is of three types – Adjective Clause, Adverb Clause, and Noun Clause.

1. Adjective Clause or Relative Clause:-

An adjective clause or relative clause is like an adjective which comes before to change or modify the noun or pronoun by – who, which, that, where, when, whose, whom, whoever, etc.

Example:   

•   This is a resort that we saw on the TV.
•    The Lady who was our tour guide is a American.

2. Adverb Clause or Adverbial Clause:-

An adverbial clause or subordinate clause is a type of dependent clause which starts with subordinating conjunctions like – because, although, when, if, until, as if etc.

Example:      

• Jennifer scrubbed the bathtub until her arms ached. 
• The dogs started chasing my car once they saw it turn the corner

3. Noun Clause:

In a sentence when a clause functions as the complement, subject or object is called noun clause. It starts with the same words that begin adjective clauses, e.g., that, who, when, which, where, whether, why, how.                 

Example:

•     What we saw at the AVENGER movie was amazing.

To understand the types of transformation of sentences we need to know the definition of the Simple Sentences, Complex Sentences, and Compound Sentences.

Sentence:-

           a group of words containing a subject and a verb, that expresses a statement, a question, etc. When a sentence is written it begins with a big (capital) letter and ends with a full stop.

Kinds of sentences on the basis of composition:-

Simple Sentences:-

A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb, and it may also have an object and modifiers.

However, it contains only one independent clause.

For Example:-

• ·          She wrote.
• ·          She completed her literature review.
• ·          He organized his sources by theme.
• ·          They studied APA rules for many hours.

Compound Sentences:-

A compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses.  These two independent clauses can be combined with a comma and a coordinating conjunction or with a semicolon.

For Example:-

• ·          She completed her literature review, and she created her reference list.
• ·          He organized his sources by theme; then, he updated his reference list.
• ·          They studied APA rules for many hours, but they realized there was still much to learn.

 

Complex Sentences:-

       A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

Dependent clauses can refer to the subject (who, which) the sequence/time (since, while), or the causal elements (because, if) of the independent clause.

If a sentence begins with a dependent clause, note the comma after this clause.

 If, on the other hand, the sentence begins with an independent clause, there is not a comma separating the two clauses.

For Example:-

• She completed her educational review, but he still needs to work on her writing skills

Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a dependent clause.

• ·          Because he wrote his article in local language, it was easier for his readers to understand.

Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a dependent clause.

• ·          They studied grammer rules for many hours as they were so interesting.

Note that there is no comma in this sentence because it begins with an independent clause.

 

Compound-Complex Sentences:-

Sentence types can also be combined. 

A compound-complex sentence contains at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

For Example:-

• She completed her educational review, but he still needs to work on her writing skills even though he finished his writing skill course last year.

• Although core committee organized their sources by theme, they decided to arrange them chronologically, and they carefully followed the function  plan for organization. 

 -:Kinds of sentences on the basis of meaning:- 

        The four different kinds of sentences in English — declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory — 

Declarative Sentences:-

A declarative sentence is the most basic type of sentence. Its purpose is to relay information, and it is punctuated with a period. Simple declarative sentences can make basic statements, 

such as:

• he went home.
• I love my mom.
• My father is a teacher.

Declarative sentences can also be compound sentences, such as in these examples:

• She wants to play flute, but she doesn't know how to play it.
• Vikram knows everything about his students, so he's derecting them.

complex sentences can also be declarative:

For example:

• he ordered a coffee when he got to the coffee shop.
• While monkeys are more independent, chimpanjis love being around people.
• Vaishnavi found a new job because she enjoys working from home.

If you really want to change it up, you can even use compound complex sentences to make declarative statements:

For example:

• Vikram doesn't enjoy dinner parties and he hates dressing up, although he does like being with his friends.
• Although the service at the lodge was moderate, the food was really good and the prices were fair.
• The weather was awesome at the hill, so we stayed until it started raining.

As you can see, these sentences make statements, whether of fact or opinion. Declarative sentences can be simple, as in the first two examples, or compound, as in the final example. They can also be in any tense, as long as they do their basic job of presenting information. This makes them the most common sentence type.

Interrogative Sentences:- 

Interrogative sentence ask questions (or interrogate). These are direct questions, and they are punctuated with a question mark. 

For example:

• Why does the moon shine?
• Whose bag is that?
• Will you come with me?

Compound sentences can be interrogative:

• Who are you and why are you here?
• How much does it cost and why do you need it?
• I don't know her phone number, so can you call his phone?

Some examples of complex interrogative sentences are:

• When the professor gets in, can you give him this message?
• Can you call me when it's time to meet?
• Did you cheat on the test because you were unprepared?

one can use compound-complex structure for interrogative sentences:

• Have there been any problems since Parvez was hired, or has it gone smoothly?
• Is it working and every thing is fine, or are you suffering?
• Veer moved to Uttarakhand and Visu stayed in the village , but are they officially divorced?

Many interrogative sentences start with question words like "how" or "why," but others are 'yes/no' questions that begin with the verb instead of the noun. It is important to remember that interrogative sentences still require a noun and a verb to be complete.

 Exclamatory Sentences:-

Exclamatory sentence express strong emotions. They are similar to declarative sentences in that they provide information, but they end in an exclamation point instead of a period.

• I said I liked it!
• How well he speaks!
• Wow, you are just amazing !

one can make exclamatory sentences with compound sentences as well:

• My new job is a wonderful opportunity and it offers great benefits!
• I know you want to go out of the class, so i locked the door!

Some complex exclamatory sentences include:

• You make me worry when you ride your bike on a wheel!
• We can start the function once guests arrive!

Exclamatory sentences are most effective when they're short, but you can also use them as compound-complex sentences:

• Since my mom helped me when I was young and inspired me to be an IAS, I'm dedicating my success to her!
• Miss Rose Calvert was always arguing because she's never satisfied with Titanic, so she did not want to spend the time anymore!
• Now that the results are in and the judges have spoken, I can tell you that you won the contest!

Exclamatory sentences are often used in casual conversation and in written dialogue to show emotion, but they are not typically useful in academic or expository writing. In these more serious works, it's better to make your point with well-written declarative sentences instead.

Imperative Sentences:-

Imperative sentence tell someone to do something. These can be in the form of friendly advice, basic instructions or more forceful commands. Many imperative sentences end in periods, but some of the more forceful demands may end in an exclamation point to highlight the emotion. 

For example:

• Please open the door properly. 
• Turn left at the bridge. 
• Stop bothering me! 

You'll find compound imperative sentences like this:

• Just stop using your phone and pay attention here..

Some examples of complex imperative sentences include:

• Since she was up all night, please let her sleep this morning.
• Don't ever interrupt me when I'm talking to class!

And if you want to get more complicated, try out these compound-complex imperative sentences:

• Please knock and ask to be invited in, unless there's an emergency.
• As much as I'd like to say, I'm available only this afternoon, so you can ask anything as per your wish.
• Don't stay out too late or forget to call me, even if you're having fun.

                 -:-Transformation of sentences-:-

Conversion of simple sentence into complex sentences

• By expanding a word or a phrase into a noun clause

 

1.	Simple	:	I was glad to know of his success.
	Complex	:	I was glad to know that he had succeeded.
2.	Simple	:	He pleaded ignorance of the law.
	Complex	:	He pleaded that he was ignorant of the law.
3.	Simple	:	The report of his failure has surprised us all.
	Complex	:	The report that he has failed has surprised us all.

 

• By expanding a word or a phrase into an adjective clause 

1.	Simple	:	A dead man tells no tales.
	Complex	:	A man who is dead tells no tales.
2.	Simple	:	The boy with the blue shirt is our Captain.
	Complex	:	The boy who is wearing blue shirt is our Captain.

3.	Simple	:	I still remember the joys of my childhood.
	Complex	:	I still remember the joys which I experienced in my childhood.

 

 

• By expanding a word or a phrase into an adverb clause

 

1.	Simple	:	He felt sorry on finding out his mistake. (Time)
	Complex	:	He felt sorry when he found out his mistake.
2.	Simple	:	Being rich, he can afford this expensive treatment. (Cause/ reason)
	Complex	:	As he is rich, he can afford this expensive treatment.
3.	Simple	:	He is too simple minded to see through the game. (Result/ consequence)
	Complex	:	He is so simple minded that he can not see through the game.
4.	Simple	:	He is working day and night to improve his prospects. (Purpose)
	Complex	:	He is working day and night so that he may improve his prospects.

 

 

Conversion of complex sentences into simple sentences

• By converting a noun clause into a word or a phrase

 

1.	Complex	:	I am responsible for what I do.
	Simple	:	I am responsible for my actions.
2.	Complex	:	He wanted to know why he had been dismissed.
	Simple	:	He wanted to know the reason for his dismissal.

 

 

• By converting an adjective clause into a word or a phrase

 

1.	Complex	:	All that glitters is not gold.
	Simple	:	All glittering things are not gold.
2.	Complex	:	He can not forget the losses that he has suffered.
	Simple	:	He can not forget the losses suffered by him.

 

 

• By converting an adverb clause into a word or a phrase

 

1.	Complex	:	You may do it when you please.
	Simple	:	You may do it at your pleasure.
2.	Complex	:	Because he was ill, he stayed at home.
	Simple	:	He stayed at home on account of his illness.

Conversion of Simple sentences into Compound sentences

• By using Cumulative Conjunctions like, and, not only…but also, etc.

 

1.	Simple	:	Taking off his clothes, he jumped into the river.
	Compound	:	He took off his clothes and jumped into the river.
2.	Simple	:	In addition to useful advice, he gave me financial help.
	Compound	:	He gave me not only a useful advice but also a financial help.

• By using Adversative Conjunctions like, but, still, yet, etc.

 

1.	Simple	:	In spite of very bad weather, they succeeded in conquering Mt. Everest.
	Compound	:	The weather was very bad, still they succeeded in conquering Mt. Everest.
2.	Simple	:	He had every qualification for the post except sincerity.
	Compound	:	He had ever qualification for the post, but he was not sincere.

 

 

• By using Alternative Conjunctions like, or, otherwise, else, etc.

 

1.	Simple	:	You must take rich diet to gain weight.
	Compound	:	You must take rich diet, or you will not gain weight.
2.	Simple	:	Take another step at the peril of your life.
	Compound	:	Don’t take another step, else your life will be at the peril.

 

 Conversion of Compound sentences into simple sentences

• By using Prepositional phrase

 

1.	Compound	:	He is a Russian by birth, but he speaks Hindi like his mother tongue.
	Simple	:	In spite of being a Russian by birth, He speaks Hindi like his mother tongue.
2.	Compound	:	This book is not beautifully printed, but is free from mistakes also.
	Simple	:	Besides being beautifully printed, this book is free from mistakes.

 

 

• By using Participle

 

1.	Compound	:	The umpire found the light poor and decided to call off the day’s play.
	Simple	:	Finding the light poor, the umpire decided to call off the day’s play.

 

 

• By using Infinitive

 

1.	Compound	:	You must observe austerity, or you will not become morally strong.
	Simple	:	You must observe austerity to become morally strong.

Conversion of Compound sentences into complex sentences

• Compound sentences with Cumulative conjunctions 'and'

 

	Compound	:	He wanted to win the prize and worked hard.
	Complex	:	He worked hard so that he might win the prize.

 

• Compound sentences with Adversative conjunctions like but, still, however, nevertheless etc. 

	Compound	:	Attend you classes regularly, or you will fall short of attendance.
	Complex	:	If you do not attend your classes regularly, you will fall short of attendance.

 

 

• Compound sentences with Alternative conjunctions like or, otherwise, else, therefore either…or etc.

 

	Compound	:	I can not afford to buy many books, therefore I usually study in the library.
	Complex	:	Since I can not afford to buy many books, I usually study in the library.

 

 

Conversion of Complex sentences into Compound sentences

• By using Cumulative conjunctions, and

 

1.	Complex	:	Everybody knows that man is mortal.
	Compound	:	Man is mortal and this fact everybody knows.
2.	Complex	:	If I am right, I should be supported.
	Compound	:	I may be right and in that case I should be supported.

 

• By using Adversative conjunctions like but, still, however, nevertheless etc.

	Complex	:	Although they lost the match, they were not disgraced.
	Compound	:	They lost the match, but they were not disgraced.

• By using Alternative conjunctions like or, otherwise, else, either…or etc.

 

	Complex	:	If you don’t surrender your arms immediately, you will be shot dead.
	Compound	:	Surrender your arms immediately, or you will be shot dead.

  Transforming between Simple Sentence and Complex Sentences

Rule: 1:

“Present participle” in a simple sentence, to convert into complex sentences by adding “since/as/when” at the first half of the sentence.

Simple Sentence: Closing the door, I went back to school.

Complex Sentence: When I closed the door, I went back to school.

Rule: 2

“Being/ Verb+ing” in a simple sentence, to convert into a complex sentence by adding “as/when/since” at the first half of the sentence.

Simple Sentence: After winning a beauty contest she cried.

Complex Sentence: As she won the beauty contest, she cried.

Rule: 3

“Too…to” in a simple sentence, to convert into a complex sentence by adding “so…that (negative)”.

Simple Sentence: He is too weak to carry the box.

Complex Sentence: He is so weak that he cannot carry the box.

Rule: 4

“To” in the simple sentence, to convert into a complex sentence by adding “so that” in the sentence.

Simple sentence: We eat to live.

Complex Sentence: We eat so that we can live.

Rule: 5

In the simple sentence “in spite of/ despite”, to convert into the complex sentence by adding “though/ although” in the sentence.

Simple Sentence: In spite of being rich, she is hard working.

Complex Sentence: Though she is rich, she is hard working.

Rule: 6

“Because of” in the simple sentence, to convert it to the complex sentence by adding “since” at the beginning of the sentence.

Simple Sentence: Because of his illness, he could not join the meeting.

Complex Sentence: Since he was ill, he could not join the meeting.

Rule: 7

“Subject + verb + object + present participle” type of simple sentence, to convert it to the complex sentence by “subject + verb + object + relative pronoun of the object + be verb according to relative pronoun and tense + rest of the sentence”.

Simple Sentence: I saw a bird flying.

Complex Sentence: I saw a bird which was flying.

Rule: 8

In the simple sentence starts with “without”,  by adding “if/ in case” is converted into the complex sentence.

Simple Sentence: Without adding the sugar the dish will taste bad.

Complex Sentence: If you do not add sugar the dish will taste bad.

Rule: 9

In the simple sentence “at the time” will be converted into “when” in the complex sentence.

Simple Sentence: She woke up at the time of load shedding.

Complex Sentence: She woke up when it was load shedding.

Rule: 10:

In the simple sentence, “adjective” will be converted into “that/which” in the complex sentence.

Simple Sentence: It was a blue shirt.

Complex Sentence: It was a shirt which was blue.

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